Instructional planning Essay Example for Free

Instructional planning Essay Introduction Proper planning is a core prerequisite to an effective instruction process. Teaching disabled persons poses great challenges to instructors and calls for the careful planning of a lesson so that it may meet the needs of the learners. Disabled persons have special needs occasioned by hearing impairment, vision impairment; nervous problems as well as physical movement problems, therefore any good lesson plan must make sure that children with special needs receive as much gains from the learning process as their regular students. The learning process is very important; there is a need to avail services and facilities such as walking chairs for the physically disabled, hearing devices for the hearing impairment and any other necessary facilities. Another necessary adoption teachers can make to lesson plans to make them more responsive to the needs of the disabled includes the use of technologically mediated communication through computers to aid the learning process. In all adjustments to suit lessons to the special needs of learners, cognitive needs, psychomotor needs and the affective needs of the learner must be borne in mind. From both lesson 1 and 3 it is very clear that the lesson plan is only effective for a regular class. Notably the action verbs used for the objectives such as ‘by the end of the lesson learners should learn the colors’ is biased because the students are supposed to learn by sight or observation. When the teacher uses pictures as a resource material in the lesson, it implies that only the students with visual ability can benefit. The lesson can be adjusted to cater for the disabled and especially the visually impaired by deemphasizing the color aspect of the pictures and concentrating on shapes and texture which can effectively guide a disabled student to meet the lesson objectives. Another objective in lesson 1 and 3 requires the student to participate in physical activity. This again favors the students who are physically normal but it portends a challenge to the physically disabled to which physical activity may be a barrier to the learning process. The lessons can be adapted to suit the disabled students by only choosing the physical activities that the disabled can participate in or availing the necessary equipment to aid the physical activities. The lesson plans involve a lot of drawing and writing activities something that may be a barrier and a challenge at the same time to the physically disabled. Some students are not able to draw or write while others may not be able to even hold a pencil or crayon. Further, the lesson activities involve the use of music that is again insensitive to the hearing impaired. To make the lesson fully useful to the disabled students, the lesson plans should incorporate only special types of music which is responsive to the needs of the hearing impaired. The other key instrument to the lesson involves use of Braille or special computers, use of special needs expert to assist in the lessons as well as the strict use of materials that are responsive to the needs of the disabled learners. The other adaptation of teachers or disabled children is to involve a lot of games in the lesson plans activities. The games can help children to discover their ability to serve in spite of their challenges (Basil, Reys, 2003). As a principle, every lesson plan should be a fit-all type of lesson plan to cater for different disabilities of the disabled students. Conclusion For a lesson plan to be effective, it has to bear in mind the cognitive, affective and psychomotor needs of disabled students. There is a need for teachers to design lesson plans factoring in the special needs of the disabled students so as to give such an equal opportunity as their regular counterparts. Only making changes to the lesson plan to reflect the needs of disabled learners can help teachers achieve learning objectives. References Basil, C. Reys, S. (2003). Acquisition of literacy skills by children with severe disability. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, vol. 19, no. 1.

Open Source Development Essay -- Open Source Development

1. Introduction This research project will explain in a clear manor what Open Source Development (OSD) is, the history and objectives of OSD, and how it is applicable to both home users and businesses. This project will also show the companies which use and develop Open Source and why Open Source is so important not only to businesses and people at home, but to us as computer scientists and how it will lead us further, farther, and deeper into technological advances in the software industry enabling us to grow and build a better future for computers and Development. â€Æ' 2. Management Summary This project provides an analysis of the current profitability and advantages of using Open Source Development in the business field as well as home use. The method of which these different software products were analysed were the history behind the products, how they were developed and how they are shown to flourish in their respective fields as opposed to closed Source products. The results of this can be shown in the use of the software in the current business fields where we can see that the software not only provides a viable alternative to their market competitors but it also shows that even in some fields that these products are the market leaders themselves. In this project you will find that using Open Source is an incredibly powerful reSource as these software projects are usually backed by large communities of people who are always trying to improve, fix and provide a constant ongoing technical support for these products. The recommendations you will find in this project include: †¢ Using Linux based Servers. †¢ Cheaper alternative desktop mailing software †¢ Using the osCommerce systems to help manage online shopping ... ...d David Diamond (2001) Just for Fun: The story of an accidental revolutionary. HarperBusiness 8.2 Website Resources History of the Mozilla Project 2014. Available from: http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/history/ [23 April 2014] About the Apache HTTP Server Project – The Apache HTTP Server Project 2014. Available from: http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html [23 April 2014] The Open Source Definition, Open Source Initiative 2012. Available from: http://OpenSource.org/osd [21 April 2014] History of the OSI, Open Source Initiative, 2012. Available from: http://OpenSource.org/history [22 April 2014] About us, The Linux Foundation 2014. Available from: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about [23 April 2014] 8.3 Press Releases Page One PR, (2007). New Linux Foundation Launches – Merger of Open Source Development Labs and Free Standards Group.

Conceptualizing Addiction Paper Essay

Introduction For many years, individuals have battled substance abuse and addiction. My position comes from hearing about it, having seeing results from it, and reading about it, also developing my own thoughts about addiction. Weil and Rosen (1993) believe that a drug use (and addiction) results from humans longing for a sense of completeness and wholeness, and searching for satisfaction outside of themselves. McNeece and DiNitto (2012) says the reason why people continue to use drugs to the point of becoming a physically and/ or psychologically dependent on them are more complex, some have tried to explain this phenomenon as a deficit in moral values, a disease, conditioning or learned behavior, or as a genetic prosperity. Still some see it as a â€Å"rewiring† of the brain (Mc Neece & DiNitto, 2012). At this point, there is no one single theory that adequately explains addiction (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Addiction is not easily defined. For some, it involves the â€Å"continued, self-administered use of a substance despite substance- related problems, and it results in tolerance for the substance, withdrawal from the substance, and compulsive drug- taking behavior due to cravings† or drives to use the substance (Schuckit, 1992, p. 182). No single theory adequately describes the etiology of addiction or dependence (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Most models of addiction is an â€Å"addictive disease† (Washton, 1989, p.55). In this paper will compare and contrast the moral model and the disease model conceptualizing addiction. Describe the two on how they take competing views on addiction, and a summary on a theory that can be most useful in helping to intervene on addiction. The Moral Model One of earliest theories offered to explain the etiology of addiction is humankind’s sinful nature (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Since it is difficult  to show empirical evidence of a sinful nature, the moral model of addiction has been generally discredited by modern scholars. However, the legacy of treating alcoholism and drug addiction as sin or moral weakness continues to influence public policies regarding alcohol and drug abuse (McNeece & DiNitt o, 2012). Competing Views The model appeals to our common sense because it is consistent with liberal views. In a liberal society, free will and individual autonomy are highly emphasized and valued ideals (Wilbanks, 1989). Addicts are conceived as free willed individuals making rational choices and the reason they engage in drug use is because they have bad morals. However, individuals with â€Å"good† morals are just likely to use drugs such as alcohol or marijuana. If this is the case other factors are present. In the face of reality, the moral model is insufficient to capture the phenomenon of drug addiction (Wilbanks, 1989). The Disease Model The disease model of addiction rests on three primary assumptions predisposition to use a drug, loss of control over use, and progression (Krivanek, 1988, p.202). These physiological alterations cause an undeniable desire to take more drugs (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Addicts are viewed as individuals with an incurable disease with drug addiction as the symptom. The disease model argues users cannot be held accountable for their addictions (Kirvanek, 1988). Competing Views As the disease model argues that there is no cure for addiction, the only treatments available aims to reduce or suppress the urge to use drugs (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Firstly, addicts are encouraged to acknowledge that they have a sickness that cannot be dealt with alone and to seek help from professionals such as counselors and therapist (Schaler, 1991). For instance, Narcotics Anonymous uses twelve step program where addicts must first admit that they are â€Å"powerless† over their addictions and must appeal to a â€Å"power greater† that themselves to overcome addictions. Critics of the disease model believes that it takes responsibility away from the addicts and instead characterizes them as victims (Schaler, 1991, Wilbanks 1989). Compare and Contrast The moral model describes addiction as exclusively a matter of choice, where the disease model illustrates it as something that is beyond the control of the individual. With the disease model choice is a factor only insofar as a person actually chooses to treat their disease, not in actually feeding of having the addiction to begin with (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). For instance, where the moral model conceptualizes addiction as a matter or weakness or sin, the public response within this framework is naturally one where the only appropriate action is a corrective or punitive one (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). Theory most helpful to intervene on Addiction The two models are very different, with the moral model essentially discounting most of what hard sciences offers, and the disease model embracing it to a large degree (Miller & Gold, 1990). Morality concept in addiction offer the counselor, and client very little to build on in terms of congruence, because they also dismiss physiological, and neurobiological factors as a cause of addiction (McNeece & DiNitto, 2012). So with that been said the disease model would be most useful helping to intervene on addiction. Conversely the disease model allows the counselor to illustrate an individual’s addiction as something that can be explained in terms of hard science, as well as in terms of how an individual has certain obligations inside the healing process (Comer, 2004). Conclusion In conclusion writing this paper was very interesting, and informational learning about the different models they have to help with drug or alcohol addiction. Comparing and contrasting the moral model and the disease model was helpful in understanding the differences they both had to offer, and competing views. Also being able to choose one model to which would be helpful in intervention of addiction was pretty interesting doing research, and learning that the disease model would work well for intervention purposes. Lastly, McNeece & DiNitto (2012), says no single theory adequately describes the etiology of addiction or dependence. References McNeece, C. A., & DiNitto, D. M. (2012). Chemical dependency: A systems approach (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Krivanek, J. (1988). Heroin: Myths and realities Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Schaler, J. A. (2000). Addiction is a choice. Chicago: Open court. Schuckit, M. A. (1992). Advances in understanding the vulnerability to alcoholism. In C.P. O’Brien & J. H. Jaffe (Eds.). Addiction states (pp.93-108). New York: Raven Press Wahshton, A. M. (1988). Cocaine addiction: Treatment, recovery, and relapse prevention. New York: W. W. Norton. Wilbanks, W. (1989). The danger in viewing addicts as victims: A critique of the disease model of addiction. Criminal Justice Policy. Comer, R. J. (2009). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology. New York: Worth Miller, N. S., Gold M. (1990).The disease and the adaptive models of addiction. A re-evaluation Journal of Drug Issues, 20(1), 29-30

Elderly And Health Care Costs - 1939 Words

Elderly and Health Care Costs Elderly people struggle with the everyday cost of living. They have to think not only about the essentials of the their living expense’s but have to think about the cost of their health care. When a person applies for health care insurance they will find out what they will pay monthly, semiannually, and annually. There are five factors when considering what the monthly premium will be. The five factors are age, geographical, location, tobacco user, individual vs. family enrollment, and plan category. The one issue that arises to many people that gives them fear when they are applying for health care insurance is the age issue. According to the health insurance market place. (Healthcare.gov 2015) â€Å"Older people†¦show more content†¦If we look at the overall rating in the National Academic of Science approximately 82 percent of people are living with a chronic disease that has to be tended to on a monthly bases. Ongoing preventive service for the elder that are mos t common would be hypertension, arthritis and heart disease so why charge the elder adult 3 times more for their monthly premiums than a younger adult. There is a broad aspect when talking about long-term care for a person. There are in home care services, there is also health and personal service that are provided for a disabled person with a chronic disease over a long period of time. In the National Academy of Science it states that approximately 1.45 million adults live in a nursing home while another 750,000 elder adults live in some type of alternative residential care facility. In a residential care facility they provide everything that is needed for their living for instance food, medication services, and their electrical expenses they do not have to worry about paying any bills in their everyday living. We have to take into account though the elder that live in their own home that can function on a daily basis for themselves and just need a little care cleaning their house or going to the store for their necessities in life. Where dose that come into play when considering the health care premiums? In the Academy of Science it states also that a â€Å"adult 65 and older account for